Axel Brun's Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage starts from the position that the term ‘production’ is no longer accurate to describe the creative, collaborative, and ad hoc engagement with content for which user-led spaces such as the Wikipedia act as examples. He argues that this is true even where we re-imagine the concept of production as ‘user-led production,’ ‘commons-based peer production,’ or more prosaically as the production of ‘customer-made’ products. He says that:

Users who participate in the development of open source software, in the collaborative extension and editing of the Wikipedia, in the communal world-building of Second Life, or processes of massively parallelized and decentralized creativity and innovation in myriads of enthusiast communities do no longer produce content, ideas, and knowledge in a way that resembles traditional, industrial modes of production; the outcomes of their work similarly retain only few of the features of conventional products, even though frequently they are able to substitute for the outputs of commercial production processes. User-led content ‘production’ is instead built on iterative, evolutionary development models in which often very large communities of participants make a number of usually very small, incremental changes to the established knowledge base, thereby enabling a gradual improvement in quality which—under the right conditions—can nonetheless outpace the speed of product development in the conventional, industrial model.