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'An aphorism, properly stamped and molded, has not been "deciphered" when it has simply been read; rather one has then to begin its interpretation, for which is required an art of interpretation.' -- Nietzsche, 'On the Genealogy of Morals'
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'An aphorism, properly stamped and molded, has not been "deciphered" when it has simply been read; rather one has then to begin its interpretation, for which is required an art of interpretation.' -- Nietzsche, 'On the Genealogy of Morals'

Nietzsche and immoralism « Previous | |Next »
September 19, 2003

Trevor one thing that is beginning to concern me about the French reception of Nietzsche in the 1930s is that it appears to interpret Nietzsche as an immoralist. This seems to be the cultural backgound that shapes their reception of their interpretation of Nietzsche's texts.

By immoralist I do not mean that Nietzsche is just a severe critic of morality as an everyday code by one which one lives;eg., a Christian morality. Or that he is deeply critical of a particular ethical system of a philosopher, such as Kant, or a system of philosophy such as utilitarianism.

I mean immoral as something like the view that Nietzsche is outside morality in the sense that he rejects morality and embraces aesthetics. This means that life, ways of life, and human conduct should be judged or evaluated on non-moral, that is aesthetic grounds or in terms of power. He rejects the ethical way of distinquishing between good and bad right and wrong in human conduct and ways of life.

Many analytic philosophers have interpreted Nietzsche as an immoralist; one who lets the passions run free; one who is a master who celebrates power, lacks pity and compassion for the vulnerable and is cruel to the weak.

The French reading of the 1930s appears to hold that Nietzsche dumps Christianity as a moral code in favour of aesthetics. Is this a fair interpretation of the French reception of Nietzsche?

If so, then it displaces a core part of Nietzsche: Nietzsche the ethicist. And I would add a Stoic ethicist concerned with character, virtue and living flourishing lives. In this tradition of philosophy as a way of life the goal is to transform ourselves. And I would argue, Schopenhauer works with this understanding of philosophy as a way or form of life. You get glimmers of this here

It seems to me that the existential/surrealist forebears of poststructuralism (Sade, Bataille, Blanchot and Klossowski) are devoid of ethics, or else they ignore ethics altogether. If there is an ethics here it is what the latter Foucault articulated as an aesthetics of self. An aesthetics of the self without any ethics.

Thsi is not to reject what the existential/surrealist forebears did with Nietzsche. They made very creative use of his texts and opened up new areas to explore. They are far more interesting than the analytic philosophers in the 1930s who were obsessed with science. They continually acted in terms of closure and exclusion. To be very crude, science was everything and non-science was just plain nonsense. They were the new ascetic priests who made us miserable and unhappy.

| Posted by Gary Sauer-Thompson at 5:18 PM | | Comments (7)
Comments

Comments

Hello, I stumbled upon this website when researching about Nietzsche's immoralism. To be honest, I'm finding it quite difficult as I'm only a beginner to the subject. If anyone knows anything about Nietzsche's Immoralism and what the point of it was/is, I'd really appreciate it if someone would e-mail me. Thanks, Robin.

Sorry, me again. If it's not visible, my address is robin.mukherjee@btinternet.com cheers

Robin,
The argument of the above post was that Nietzsche was not an immoralist. That interpretation--which I attributed to the French when they were reading Nietzsche in the 1930s---is misleading, if you want to grasp what Nietzsche was about.

The key to Nietzsche's ethics is nihilism and the way it acts to hollow out our highest values. If those values--eg Christian ones--- are emptied out then we live without our values. that is not possible says Nietzsche--few can bear, or cope, with the chaos of life without any ethical clothing.

Instead of hanging onto the old we should revalue (another key term) our values and create new values.

So Nietzsche is not an immoralist.He is an ethical philosopher concerned with the impact of modernity on the way we live.


The evil whisper. - Consciousness, a man's "mind" is bound to the intellect and perhaps evolved out it - as, if you could delete away the rest of his sentience leaving the intellect, his "consciousness" would remain, but is not privy to even the full workings of the intellect let alone the rest of the body. And as Libett et al. neatly suggested it is a terminous, as others have said nothing more than the smoke from a train and not 007. The intellect on the other hand is very important, indeed the Captain of the show. But why the sense of control, power? Well I look at it like this: is not life just variegated flavours of power blended together by the moment with such seeming, only to man, as if creating it insofar as his actions? And so it is but the intellect is not their arbiter, and least of all its "consciousness", and all the intellect is, is enactor and reactor, acts and is acted upon but not the 'actor' it seems to be, it doesn't 'own' the body it's a part of it. What I'm about to tell you Christianity fought against with deadly skill it won: what morality today, nihilism, physiological decadence fights against with insidious saccharine sweetness and other more unspeakable things: valuations have enormous consequence, they are the direct orchistrator of disease and disorder that is not contractual or necessarily environmentally stimulated, which, of course doesn't necessarily include smoking as rarely, 'freak accident' status, does smoking kill. The means are obviously diffuse but they leave their trails, as the heights do, where my interest lies. So important is the intellect to medicine a Cyclops must be founded on it in every way. A man's good and bad, his valuations in the strictest sense (meditation) are the means to great health as for the rest they were called virtues. What? Overcoming yourself to hold you most appropriate and powerful valuation even in the instance of the frightful, this I call noble, it is also called, and for some all the way... honesty and the necessity to say? such is the condition of man today. But to say it again it's not the picture of the valuation, never that, but the mechanism of overcoming, hard fought for synaptic pathways and consequential purification that give rise to the 'king of the world', but again 'he' is nothing more than an ephemeral crown, a reflection in a conditional mirror. This is where freedom lies for man, that is to say he watches its development here and other places, and through action, action, action he liberates the intellect and the instincts start to fire more harmoniously, he seizes control of himself. How? Well this is every man's own problem but I know of one way with infinte roads, the most dangerous, the hardest, the oblique path, this sliding across and invisible but cold razor blade... the one everyman rides and dies by but just not as I... this ego, this grey, white gooy possessor of virtue and traitor unto vice, this catalyser of merit and betrayer unto shame, the conceiver of 'God' and depraver of the depths - yes, yes, perhaps Freud needs a kicking? His insight regarding the intellect was sound, but the meaning propagated and evolved from him is false, 'ego'. His somewhat tenuous grasp of the 'unconscious' also lives to this day, floating about awaiting an opportunity for the conscious 'ego' to step aside so as to avoid the a clash with 'freewill'. The 'egotist' is about as real as it gets and such is certainly of physiological consequences deriving its bearing from the intellect, but, as with the rest of occidental 'psychology' it is a maximally conditional beast identified by a mere word and propped up by a false causality. It's method's take prejudice to the point of absurdity, so far as to create a cultural immune system, a fortress of typified by the grammatical perversion of its victims intellectual conscience: a ban on the use of personal pronouns! for the sake of the absurd, 'disinterested observation', 'objectivity'! And to speak of things in terms of physiology? To speak in terms of process and development, profound understanding, impossible! All thanks in its beginnings proper to one vile little Jew with a maximally conditional ego, Hitler like, though perhaps not, curiosity, as high as Hitler ennobled himself. Ding ding, round three, time for the knockout: Hitler marked a concentration of forces the ancestors of which had their symbols, St. Paul, Luther, thus what he brought to life was an evolute. Importantly they stimulated considerable energies, earthquakes in valuation. Hitler took the sting out of the European Christo-Democratic hatred. Hitler's iron will grew out of hatred, an ordinarily reactive condition in need of immense compression, years of hate to permeate so completely that this what was a wisp of man could become charming, effect murderous incisive action with brutal force of enormous consequence, with a firm, fully together grasp of the matter. He along with the German nation's more dubious qualities in fact brought the evil of Christianity's sting upon mankind and broke the unseen back of 'God'. What? Almost everybody, except the some French and Russians perhaps, touched by the war would have spoken of 'God' and prayed and worshipped. Yet today atheism has become instinct, everyone worth anything viscerally recoils at shall I say the 'true Christian', yet no one bats an eye at 'equality' and 'freewill' and all of complicit duplicities, morphed or otherwise, for so too has 'morality' become instinct: the whiplash of the Gas Chambers was merely felt as shame by the Germans as the energy of endurance of the Camps and Europe and her valour - O how the Second World War breathed it like fire - became yet deeper shame, weakness and fear set hard man's boundaries - on the other side of which I roam - in everyone and all are now scarred and pettrified within self-perpetuating living physiological evolutes of which bringing unhealth, weakness, in a word decadence - the downward path: not Socrates (a little of his riddle) but man has been a long time sick. Churchill was the Dionysian embodiment of the good energies of the Christian heritage, Hitler was it's evil, thus did the greatest of all battles erect the tombstone of 'God', the Great War dug his grave for he had been a long time dead, apparently... some mad man, he told us. The absurd rigidity and ritualistic morality of the Victorians screams of 'society's' inner turmoil - thus the lower man's deep sense of opportunity for importunity slowly, slowly began to find vociferous voice (Socialism, Communism, Facism, Nazism). America is now ravaged by a similar ritualism (they did't feel the endurance or the same kind or intensity of valour as in Europe, almost every day for almost every man required bravery of one form or another) and they just got haughtier and ever more importunate and is the only (barring others on other continents, what are they called?) Christian power and predominantly nation left on earth! The other arm of energy, as it were, was thrust into great productivity for want of a better word went into economics and its sister science and other more wasteful things, exclusive of the European conception's manifest existence. America went from nouveaux riche beginnings to neon Big Apple and instead of equality fever, the prodigious absurd legally endorsed freedom to lie, take revenge bully and steal. There are dark clouds looming for America as perhaps like there was for the Victorians, lightening for Europe and Britain is on a kife edge, the weed of 'no win, no fee' speaks of its edge: the introduction, via moral posturing, of slimey exchange into litigation is a monstrous sign of its perversion and expressed in, like 'have a nice day' and to almost everyone who hears them embarrasssing because (gladly) hammed by the British over done politeness on Virgin trains (Mr. Branson have you been on your train's, and if so perhaps try looking more discreetly - you know that even you find it hard to see like the man of today... In Liverpool however on its underground simple politeness works wonders for the feel of the carriage and this is Europe's reputed Capital of Culture!) When compassion is lost justice becomes mere doctrine, when justice is lost there is disintegration and chaos, and what is compassion today? forbearance. But I have high hopes for Britain this hinge of fate, but this is another story. Back to this one the revenge of the Treaty of Versailles and the cowardice thereafter became flesh and blood after the Second World War, but the tremedous valour by no means dead will never again breath honour so freely as it did in Churchill, the choice now as such the only one mankind will ever have: is he going to use his resources now exemplified and brought to bear in the virtue honesty or is he going to have a Third World War, the only case in which it could be said that the fires of hell really will walk tall on the earth. So I suggest the age of heroism so valouriously inaugerated by Winston S. Churchill. has only just begun... but I think such things as the fires of hell are viscerally correctly suspected, though more to the point despite its far greater potential to come true the latter is not one such case, thus to bring the age of comedy alive something else is required...

Zarathustra, there is a lot in this post.

It captures the Nietzsche's heroic conception of the sovereign individual very well.

This conception of sovereignty as commander and legislator of new valuations in a period of nihilism is what Bataille repudiated.

Hi...I am working on a school project where I am to pick a philosopher and research his ethics...I chose Nietzsche...I have found several different interprations of his ethical view point...I was woundering if you would please just sum up the basics of what Nietzsche believed...it would be really helpful...thanks....Anna

Anna, first off, researching means you do the work, not ask someone else to do it for you!!
Briefly though, Nietzche believed that Judaeo=-Christian morality was born from ressentiment - the weaker types fighting back against the higher types. They did this by revaluing the values of the time and turning what was "virtue" - power, self assuredness etc into something to be ashamed of. Then the values of the weak, humility, patience etc became what was valued and thus valuable. This is supposed to have happened around the time of the fall of the Roman Empire. This happened through the moralization of bad concience (try Leiter, "nietzsche on morality", Routledge, for a more detailed explanation).
The prevailing morality as it stands is the morality of the herd, and as such it promotes values that are harmful to the flourishing of the higher types. Far from Nietzsche being an immoralist, he wants to show us that the values we have at the moment are open to revision, and as such there are more optimal conditions for the higher types. He wants to promote an ethic which will serve the higher types and allow us to promote our will to power in the best possible way.